I know you can build a Debian system with debootstrap. Using debootstrap it should be possible to create a custom image. The main partition could be read only with separate mounts for anything that need to be read write.
Using containers it should be possible to create a filesystem image. I think the tricky part it testing the image and then updating the existing partition. Maybe some custom ostree tool could do the trick. If not there is always rsync and btrfs snapshots.
This distro is just an AIO kernel image that will bootstrap everything in RAM. You can mount additional devices for data persistence (for example you can mount your storage in /var).
Interesting distro idea, I might give it a try. One note, your documentation shows root actions using the $ prompt instead of # without sudo. That might be a bit confusing to those that use the prompt to determine privilege level.