alpha
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Did Schenkel deliberately make up that alpha shit (which would justify calling his paper "bogus") or was he just bad at research?
From what I've heard it's just bad research. He looked at family units and thought the father was designated as the leader due to size and strength but really he was just a dad.
I was also under the impression that the captive wolves were in mixed- that is forced- packs.
All the fighting that was observed came from that rather than any sort of natural behavior.