How do we know if there aren't a bunch of more undetected backdoors?

"We don't" is the short answer. It's unfortunate, but true.

How do you know there isn't a logic bug that spills server secrets through an uninitialized buffer? How do you know there isn't an enterprise login token signing key that accidentally works for any account in-or-out of that enterprise (hard mode: logging costs more than your org makes all year)? How do you know that your processor doesn't leak information across security contexts? How do you know that your NAS appliance doesn't have a master login?

This was a really, really close one that was averted by two things. A total fucking nerd looked way too hard into a trivial performance problem, and saw something a bit hinky. And, just as importantly, the systemd devs had no idea that anything was going on, but somebody got an itchy feeling about the size of systemd's dependencies and decided to clean it up. This completely blew up the attacker's timetable. Jia Tan had to ship too fast, with code that wasn't quite bulletproof (5.6.0 is what was detected, 5.6.1 would have gotten away with it).

Self hosting personal photos doesn't generally require opening anything up to the internet, so most backdoors would not be accessible by anyone but you.

Cheeky answer:

Actual answer:
Theoretically anyway, open source software's guarantee of "no backdoor" is that the code is auditable, and you could study it and know if it has any holes and where. Of course, that presumes that you have the knowledge AND time to actually go and study thousands of lines of code. Unrealistic.
Slightly less guaranteed but still good enough to calm my mind, is the idea that there is a whole-ass community of people who do know their shit and who are constantly checking this.

Do note that like. Closed source software is known to be backdoored, only, the backdoors are mostly meant for either the owners of the software (check the fine print folks) or worse, the governments.

The biggest thing that you should note is that: It is unlikely that you (or I or most of the people here) are interesting enough that anyone will actually exploit those vulnerabilities to personally fuck you over. Your photos aren't interesting enough except as part of a mass database (which is why Google/Facebook want them). Same for your personal work data and shit.

Unless those backdoors could be used to turn your machine into a zombie for some money-making scheme (crypto or whatever) OR you're connected to people in power OR you personally piss off someone who is a hacker -- it is very unlikely you'll get screwed over due to those vulnerabilities :P

You don't. Hackers often exploit things like this for ages before they are found. Every bit of non simple software also has bugs.

But chances are you won't be the target.

Just keep everything updated and you should be alright.

That's the neat part, we don't!

...but, we at least can have a shot of finding them.

In the meantime, I'd advise you to keep an eye out and maybe look into threat models. As people said in this thread already, bad actors probably don't care about your personal photos.

I would say you can't, but if you are using open source software, then somebody can and will find them eventually and they will be patched. Unlike with closed source software, you will never know if it has a backdoor or not. This whole episode shows both the problems with open source, being lack of funding for security audits, and the beauty of open source, being that eventually it will be detected and removed.

We don’t.

I'm pretty sure most closed source software is already backdoored.

Afaik, most phones are backdoored that can be abused using tools like "pegasus" which led to a huge indignation in Hungary. I don't belive PCs are exceptions. Intel ME is a proprietary software inside the CPU, often considered as a backdoor in Intel. AMD isn't an exception. It's even weirder that Intel produces chips with ME disabled for governments only.

We can't know. If we would know, those weren't undetected backdoors at all. It's not possible to know something you don't know. So the question in itself is a paradox. :D The question is not if there are backdoors, but if the most critical software is infected? At least what I ask myself.

Do you backups man, do not install too many stuff, do not trust everyone, use multiple mail accounts and passwords and 2 factor authentication. We can only try to minimize the effects of when something horrible happens. Maybe support the projects you like, so that more people can help and have more eyes on it. Governments and corporations with money could do that as well, if they care.

The main solace you can take is how quickly xz was caught: there is a lot of diverse scrutiny on it.

Check the source or pay someone to do it.

If you're using closed source software, its best to assume it has backdoors and there's no way to check.

Even if there are nation state level backdoors, your personal server is not a valuable enough target to risk exposing them. Just use common sense, unattended-upgrades, and don't worry too much about it.

I do IT security for a living. It is quite complicated but not unrealistic for you to DIY.

Do a risk assessment first off - how important is your data to you and a hostile someone else? Outputs from the risk assessment might be fixing up backups first. Think about which data might be attractive to someone else and what you do not want to lose. Your photos are probably irreplaceable and your password spreadsheet should probably be a Keepass database. This is personal stuff, work out what is important.

After you've thought about what is important, then you start to look at technologies.

Decide how you need to access your data, when off site. I'll give you a clue: VPN always until you feel proficient to expose your services directly on the internet. IPSEC or OpenVPN or whatevs.

After sorting all that out, why not look into monitoring?

We don't. That's why we use multiple layers of security. For example keeping all services accessible only via VPN and using a major OS that a lot of production workloads depend on such as Debian, Ubuntu LTS or any of the RHEL copycats. This is a huge plus of the free tier of Ubuntu Pro BTW. It's commercial level security support for $0. Using any of these OSes means that the time between a vulnerability being discovered, patched and deployed is as short as possible. Of course you have to have automatic security updates turned on, unattended-upgrades in Debian-speak.

you don't and will never will. I would recommend reading a lecture by Ken Thompson the co-creator of Unix for more details on this https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rdriley/487/papers/Thompson_1984_ReflectionsonTrustingTrust.pdf

We dont.

if you are self hosting and enjoy over-engineering systems... VLANS, ACLs between subnets and IDS/IPS should be part of.your thinking. separate things into zones of vulnerability / least-privilege and maintain that separation with an iron fist. this is a great rabbit hole to fall down if you have the time. however, given a skilled adversary with enough time and money, any network can be infiltrated eventually. the idea is to try to minimize the exposure when it happens.

if the above is not a part of your daily thinking, then don't worry about it too much. use a production OS like Debian stable, don't expose ports to the public internet and only allow systems that should initiate communication to the internet to actually do so (preferably only on their well known protocol ports - if possible).

We don't know. But if there were well known backdoors to mainstream security practices we might see more companies that depend on security shutting down, or at least shutting down their online activities. Banks, stock trading, crypto exchanges, other enterprises that handle money, where hacking would be lucrative.

This was likely a state-sponsored attack. If your SSH isn't exposed to the internet this probably wouldn't have effected you. Also most people run stable distros like Debian on their server, and this particular vulnerability never made it to the stable branch. I would guess that most of the computers you have ever used have backdoors. Even if you run Linux (which may itself have some) you might still have a proprietary UEFI on your motherboard. Something like xz wouldn't effect you because no government really cares what's on your server. Smaller attacks can be avoided through common sense. Some people will expose services that require zero authentication to the internet. Follow basic best practices and you will probably be fine.

Edit: Also remember, google photos once flagged a picture of a child that the child's father had taken for medical reasons as abuse, so self-hosted may not be completely private or secure, but it's better than the alternative.

We don’t know. However, no one cares about your personal photos ; no one will ever attempt to hack you specifically unless you’re a high value target (in which case, stop hosting your photos anywhere immediately)

The only thing that could get your photos is if an undiscovered backdoor is exploited by someone doing some sort of a mass attack. As far as I know, they’re pretty rare, because people with the means to do them generally have a specific set of people they care about (which you are unlikely to be a part of).

There probably are, there's a reason why super high security systems aim for airgapping of sorts, and even that's not immune.

Good question. I have asking myself the same thing as well. In case of ssh it is possible to use 2FA with a security key, which is something I'd like to put in my todo.txt

The best you can do is use OSS software that has been battle tested. Stuff like OpenSSH and OpenVPN are very unlikely to have backdoors or major vulnerabilities currently being exploited. If you don't trust something to not be vulnerable, you're best to put it behind a more robust layer of authentication and access it only by those means.

I'm not a security specialist either. I learn new things every day, but this is why my NextCloud is accessible through TailScale only and I have zero ports exposed to the outside world.

The only real convenience I lose is being able to say "check out this thing on my personal server" with a link to someone outside my network, but that's easily worked around.

If backdoors exist, they’re probably enough to get your data no matter where it’s stored, so self hosting should be fine. Just keep it up to date and set up regular automatic backups.

Ah shit we are back to "Ken Thompson Compiler Hack" again

Reading the source code for everything running on your machine and then never updating is the only way to be absolutely 100% sure.

You can't trust any of it to be totally secure, it's effectively impossible. But, this is true of all software, at least open source is being audited and scrutinised all the time (as demonstrated).

All you can do is follow best practices.

You never know what security holes exist until they're exploited. Nothing you can really do about that. Security and convenience have always, and will always, be a trade off and a matter of personal acceptability. If you host anything, it will be potentially vulnerable, way less so if you take proper precautions. If you're not just overtly insecure, you'll probably be fine, but there's no way to say for sure.

That's the neat part, you don't. However if you stay up to date it is not a big deal.

While others are saying “no one cares about your personal photos” personal info is not the target of backdoor attacks like this. It’s more likely an attempt to get access to lots of processing power for a crypto mine or botnet.

It’s best practice to have the minimum packages required to run whatever service you are running, don’t add other stuff that you won’t be using. Using a distro that is “outdated” like Debian stable can help since the packages have had more time out in the wild to be tested.

I am sure that the xz incident has raised a lot of alarms across many projects.

@mfat It's the old problem about bugs. To know that a piece of software has no bugs you should be able to count them and if you could do it then should be able to locate them and make a fix. But you can't then there's no way to know there's no more undetected backdoor

Of course being open source helps a lot but there's no solver bullet

As many have pointed out, you don't know that there is not a back door in your software.

One way to defend against such an unknown is to have a method of quickly reinstalling your system, so if you ever suspect you have been compromised you can reload your OS from scratch and reconfigure it with minimal fuss. This is one reason I recommend folks learn one of the configuration management systems like ansible or puppet, and use those to configure your Linux servers. Having config management also helps you recover anfter unexpected hardware failures.

Defense is done in layers. No one layer will protect you 100%. Build up several layers that you trust and understand.

How do you know what you don't know?

That's basically what you're asking. If you have an answer to that general question, it will answer your specific question.