Gangs have replaced the family unit in many poor areas. Not because the people are more criminal, but because it's a self reinforcing loop. Anyone who can leaves the area, single parent households are common because many of the fathers are in jail or killed. This leaves Gangs as both a source of male role models and income for children, which leads to more getting killed or jailed.
Gangs use children for higher risk activities, because they get lighter sentences if caught. Kids that do time are then more dependent on gangs for support as legitimate work is harder to find.
Gang violence in the three worst cities in America. Usually the statistics include 19yo. When you remove the three worst cities and 19yo, the statics are similar to the rest of the world.
Sure, we obviously have wrong data for 19 yo. Let’s just remove it from the data. And those three cities, clear outliers, 3 cities won’t affect the data noticeably anyway