the windshield glass in modern cars is bonded to its frame using a strong and long-lasting urethane adhesive.
"This makes the windshield a structural component of the vehicle's body," explained Reina. "The frit is black painted enamel that's baked onto the surface of the glass, and it provides a secure point of contact between the glass, urethane adhesive, and windshield frame."
The dots themselves don't do anything, but the black border does. But if you see the dots coming off the glass, it's a sign that the frit around the edge may also have started detaching from the glass.