If you pick a recent distro (2022 or newer), sure. Make sure to install it in UEFI mode, though, BIOS mode will randomly break no matter what operating system you dual boot. The problem only occurs with two year old versions of Grub.
If the USB installer boots, the distro should boot too. If it doesn't, well, find a better distro, I suppose.
Also, if you boot Windows from the Linux bootloader and have Bitlocker (disk encryption) enabled, make sure you know the recovery key. You will need to enter it once (only once) to make Windows trust the Linux bootloader enough to unlock the disks.
I'd also recommend doing the disk resizing in Windows for this reason (unless you're putting in a second SSD). Linux can resize most Windows partitions these days, but Windows itself struggles to keep its filesystem intact when doing advanced resize stuff and their driver isn't even based on reversed engineering.
this reads like you don't make backups or don't have a restore strategy. if the system is important enough that you worry about updates breaking it, you should make backups from time to time and have a bootable restore system on a removable medium.
it should be safe. From what I know the update only broke it as it was updating so installing a dual-boot after should be fine. You might want to test first so just install something small like mint for a test and see if it works.
Dumb title. Yes, it's safe. Windows has nerfed boot records for any other OS since the beginning of dual-booting. Just replace the boot record.
Also, if you want to be hardcore about it, and since everything is UEFI now, just use your BIOS boot manager to control booting. Shouldn't be a problem.
The problem linked also breaks booting from the UEFI menu, because the motherboard boot configuration got updated to not trust known vulnerable versions of Grub.
That said, Windows stopped clobbering boot records since UEFI was introduced. It'll change the boot order sometimes (like when it auto recovers from boot corruption) but you can always boot Linux if it does that. Unfortunately, Linux doesn't generally come with a good boot order manager, so fixing that requires either diving into the BIOS or command line stuff.