Was the 401(k) a Mistake? How an obscure, 45-year old tax change transformed retirement and left so many Americans out in the cold.
Was the 401(k) a Mistake? How an obscure, 45-year old tax change transformed retirement and left so many Americans out in the cold.
How an obscure, 45-year-old tax change transformed retirement and left so many Americans out in the cold.
401ks weren't a "mistake" they were designed to give wallstreet traders more money and for that task they have succeeded extremely well.
e: To the tune of $7trillion according to the article.
I like how you got downvoted. This is 1000% true.
How do you think pension plans make money? They are managed by fiduciaries responsible for investing. Guess where they invest. 20% of the stock market is owned by pension funds :https://retiregenz.com/what-percentage-of-the-stock-market-is-owned-by-pension-funds/
So my employer did this thing where new hires automatically got enrolled in a 401k. If you did absolutely nothing to your 401k, each year it would automatically up your percentage to a max of Y. Is that common or uncommon? And in this world of 401k over pension, should that be more of a norm to help protect people that don't know better build retirement savings. It doesn't solve the problem of folks not having enough money and needing to use 401k for emergency funds...
It's common among good employers, but unfortunately a lot of companies don't do it. We should be encouraging more of this because people tend to suck at preparing for retirement.
And while it doesn't solve the emergency fund issue, people tend to adjust their spending based on how much lands in their account. This is called the hedonic treadmill, where people adjust they lifestyle to fit their means on the way up, but they struggle to adjust it back down. Automatically increasing investments just reduces the impact of a raise, it doesn't actually reduce your actually income since it just pulls 1% out of your normal raise (probably 3%).
The proper solution is for people to learn to properly budget and cut out things that don't provide enough value, but that's a much harder problem to solve than automatically increasing investments.
It's getting more common; which I think is a good thing.
I aways assumed a 401k was what americans called pensions, like gas and petrol. What is a 401K if not a pension?
They're similar in that you use it for retirement.
But, 401ks you contribute to and the value depends on the stock market.
Pensions you don't contribute to and the amount you get is fixed.
More here: https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/pension-vs-401k/
I dunno, myself. But I did find this.
Maybe giving a percentage of your income to legal gambling is a bad idea???
What else do I do? Put that money under my mattress?
No, put it under my mattress
A highly diversified portfolio is the opposite of gambling. Don't let the "traders" and crypto bros sour you on the power of conservative investing.
No, the article is actually saying that people have not done this enough. Workers were better off when their employees did so for them and mandatorily (a pension system), and allowing folks to self manage how much they put away is what has led to 49% of folks within 10 years of retirement having nothing to retire on.
There are very safe ways to invest. Doing it poorly and a lot is a gamble; taking a little time to understand different investment vehicles and portfolios and the risks associated with each allows you to earn interest at literally any level of risk. An example, money market funds earned 5%-8% on 2023, and it is literally impossible for MMFs to go negative. Certified deposits offered up to 5.5% guaranteed returns. The benefit of pensions is that employees don't need to learn all that and make those choices in order to benefit from them.
Putting a percentage of your income in the stock market is a very good idea. Even if you're a conspiracy person and you think a mysterious "them" controls the world, "them" are rich people who own stocks. They will make sure the value of stocks go up.
If you're not a conspiracy person, just look at history. The value of stocks always goes up in the long term, and you hold retirement accounts for the long term.
Maybe don't encourage people to save in a currency that's purposely depreciating throughout their entire lives?
Is there a currency that doesn't depreciate?
Even if there was, there's no currency that is guaranteed to not depreciate in the future.
Real estate?
Pensions worked the same way. The difference is personal responsibility and inequity of employment and wage. But who's 401k deprecates in value over the long term anyways? If you select a target fund that should be fine.
Yeah the comment treats 401ks like they are checking accounts rather than investment accounts. Outside of a major recession, a 401k should outperform inflation. And if it grows at 5% (conservatively) during a 30-year career and then you happen to have to retire during a 2008-scale recession, you'll still have way more than your principal investment in there.
This is the best summary I could come up with:
From the extensive research that she has done, Forbus has become a fairly savvy investor; she’s familiar with all of the major funds and has 60 percent of her money in stocks and the rest in fixed income, which is generally the recommended ratio for people who are some years away from retiring.
With Americans now aging out of the work force in record numbers — according to the Alliance for Lifetime Income, a nonprofit founded by a group of financial-services companies, 4.1 million people will turn 65 this year, part of what the AARP and others have called the “silver tsunami” — the holes in the retirement system are becoming starkly apparent.
But he explained to me that the remorse he expressed had nothing to do with 401(k)s themselves, which he said had helped convert millions of Americans from “spenders into savers.” Rather, what he regretted was the complexity of many plans — he thought a lot of employees were overwhelmed by all the investment options — and the fact that the financial-services industry profited from them to the degree that it did.
A few years ago, Kevin Hassett, who was chairman of the White House’s Council of Economic Advisers for a portion of Donald Trump’s presidency, became familiar with Ghilarducci’s work and sent her, unsolicited, the draft of a paper he was writing about the retirement-savings gap.
This past January, another bipartisan collaboration — between Alicia Munnell, who was an economist in the Clinton administration and who now serves as the director of Boston College’s Center for Retirement Research, and Andrew Biggs, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank — published a paper calling for a reduction or an end to the 401(k) tax benefit.
Hassett has been concerned for some time that the country is drifting toward socialism — the subject of his most recent book — and part of the reason is that too many Americans are economically marginalized and have come to feel that the system doesn’t work to their benefit.
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