Your answer and mine are complementary, they definitely complete each other! Well done!
No, it is slower than JS but it can be compiled to JS. The point of typescript is bringing static (or generally talking, predictable) types to variables, so that treating erroneously a number as a string should be more difficult. In a large codebase, it's easy to make mistakes and debugging is not instantaneous but it needs time. Typescript helps here. You write more code but it helps you out later
Just read its website and the related Wikipedia Article, it's kinda different but in a good way. I don't think I'll switch though because it's still based in Chromium, monopolized by Google.
Don't think many. Also because writing a browser from scratch (and make it usable) is a very very complex task
Even though Archive Team is unaffiliated with the Internet Archive, the way you access the archived content is still the Wayback Machine, part of the Internet Archive. Correct me if I'm wrong.
I'm trying it right now in my smartphone! The design looks better than Jerboa, now I'm testing intuitiveness and ease of use