It's basically doing step by step print lines for you. If you have easy access to a bash prompt here's an example (for clarity, the lines leading with $ are what I typed into the shell. The lines without are what is output'd):

---

$ set -x
$ echo `expr 10 + 20 `
++ expr 10 + 20
+ echo 30
30

---

$ set +x
$ echo `expr 10 + 20 `
30

---

You see how the first example broke down what happened bit by bit and the + noted the depth of interpretation for the line? This basically helps debug narly scripts ... which if they're narly enough ... just rewrite them in a "proper" language.

What's that old google adage ( https://google.github.io/styleguide/shellguide.html )

If you are writing a script that is more than 100 lines long, or that uses non-straightforward control flow logic, you should rewrite it in a more structured language now.