TLDR: They sent information through a fiber-optic cable using fewer photons per bit than before.
They only transmitted information, not any non-photon particles. They didn't exceed the speed of light, or exceed the speed of light through fiber-optic cable.
the new research proposes that the breakthrough could make these communications super secure and nearly instantaneous – limited only by the speed of light.
Well... I think the idea is once you can reliably send a photon, you can start sending entangled photos. Then you can use those to build networking hardware that transmits bits instantly.