Skip Navigation

Don't write Rust like it's Java

jgayfer.com Don't write Rust like it's Java

I didn't discover the joy of writing Rust code until I stopped trying to make the language something it isn't.

33
33 comments
  • Rust requires a mindset shift

    That's easier said than done. I find that there's no clear vision of what "idiomatic" Rust is. With functional programming, it feels like there's a strong theoretical basis of how to structure and write code: pure functions everywhere, anything unpure (file access, network access, input conversion, parsing, etc.) goes into a monad. TBF, the only functional code I write is in JS or nix and nix-lang is... not really made for programming, nor is there any clear idea of what "good" nix code looks like.

    Rust however... are Arc, Box, Rc, async, etc. fine? match or if/else? How should errors be handled? Are macros OK? Yes, the clippy linter exists, but it can't/won't answer those questions for you. Also the fact that there is no inheritance leads to some awkward solutions when there is stuff that is hierarchical or shares attributes (Person -> Employee -> Boss -> ... | Animal -> Mammal-Reptile-Insect --> Dog-Snake-Grasshopper). I haven't found good examples of solutions or guidance on these things.

    My rust code still feel kludgy, yet safe after a year of using it.

  • Or do we use an Arc such that our dependent services hold onto an Arc>, allowing concurrent access of the owned resource?

    Arc is already heap allocated, there is no need or point in Boxing an Arc. They serve the same purpose except Box is single owner and Arc is multi owner. Box is not the only smart pointer that supports trait objects: Arc is also allowed, same goes for Rc and other smart pointer types.

    Though the answer to that question as it stands is: it depends. Both methods they suggest are valid approaches with different tradeoffs. Another is to just forgo trying to share a single field and share the whole object, ie have Arc or &Service instead. Or clone the whole thing between threads, or many other patterns that suite different needs. A lot depends on what this service is and how it needs to be passed around the application and how long it lives for. A lot of frameworks already give you good patterns for this.

    For instance axum has a way to pass around state to handlers, generally you pass ownership of the resource to axum and let it clone as required. Typically this means using an Arc> for things that are expensive to clone. Though a lot of types you share this way (like database connections) deal with that internally and so are already cheap to clone in these usecases.

    While we could have written this as a service where UserRepo is an injected value, doing so would introduce the complexities we’ve already explored

    Does it? OOP style methods are basically just syntactic sugar for the most part. You can largely interchange functions and methods all you want to. Also, pure functions does not mean to most people to what your example is showing. Typically a function is considered not pure if it modifies any of its arguments. So by taking a &mut as an argument you make the function not pure.

    Given that I can only assume you mean raw functions vs methods on types. At which point there is not as big a differences as they think. For instance, their example of

    async fn handle_session_completed(
        user_repo: &mut impl UserRepo,
        session: &CheckoutSession,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    

    Can easily be written as (well, at least if you ignore the issues around async traits which is a technical limitation that is being worked on, for now the #[async_trait] macro helps a bit, and hopefully soon this will be solved at a language layer)

    trait UserRepo {
        async fn handle_session_completed(
            &mut self,
            session: &CheckoutSession,
        ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    

    And this form can even be called like a the former:

    UserRepo::handle_session_completed(&mut user_repo, &session).await
    

    There is little difference between a method on an type and a function that takes a argument to a type in rust. At least not in terms of how that author talks about them. Though I would lean towards the raw function here due to the async issues with traits. But in a lot of non-async contexts both are equally nice to use and would probably lean more on the trait/type method instead. More and more I just think of methods as type namespaced functions more than anything else, that is basically how you use them 95+% of the time.

    But yeah, overall don't write any language like it is a different language. Same goes for trying to write java like it is C or python like it is rust. Learn the patterns of the language you are using.

  • Java devs have some of the worst habits when they learn a new language. Why create a global variable for a setting in python when you can instead wrap that global variable in a Singleton class that makes using it no safer, and far more complicated

  • Wow, man, I forgot just how object-oriented Java is. You've got all these services pretending to run independently, except they're not actually running asynchronously, and every service has a pointer to all the other services they need to talk to, leading to a huge tangled net of cross-dependencies. That's why everything needs to be an interface, so you can mock it in tests.

    Rust is a lot more ...tree-shaped, with the main passing data into functions which call other functions and those return data, which can be passed into the next function.
    Obviously, you can also build services running independently, but it's usually done a lot more intentionally, by spawning own threads, passing around an (explicit) Arc, and then because you're actually running asynchronously, you do need mutexes and such...

  • @snaggen coming from 10 years of Go, Rust is an ugly, unnecessarily complicated language with even more dogma than Go.
    I guess for someone coming from C++ it must seem like an upgrade.
    But as someone using Go on the server side , it's just much more overhead involved and for what, potentially slightly better performance?
    I went Go because it got rid of the mental burden of OOP.
    And while it's not perfect by far, it's good enough.
    Simplicity wins.

    I tried, time and again to like Rust.
    It starts with error messages not making any sense.
    How would I know that I'm missing an import when typing a demonstration from some website?
    What's up with the ugly ( || keyword) syntax or :: or .unwrap() .
    Because of ownership you're forced into certain hierarchies, which make the code ugly and hard to read.
    There's a bazillion libraries, but all are \

    • I see where you come from. I first turned to Go, but at the end of the day it was a nice language but it didn't tick my boxes. One of my main issues for backend servers, is for them to be robust. They should never fail in runtime. That means error handling is quite important, and as few runtime errors as possible. Go, fails this hard. The strictness of Rust, may be a pain while learning, and some syntax may be less than optimal, but the result will almost never fail in production. I have in fact never had a backend I wrote fail in production. The error handling also makes it easy to find any errors due to things out of my control. I switched a project from Java to Rust, and the log shrunk by a factor 10.

      Note, I still use Go sometimes, but it is not my go to language. And on a second note, that you point to .unwrap() indicates that you never really used rust to write a backend, since use of .unwrap() will panik if you use that. You normally use .unwrap_or(...) or some other better construct. Also, complaining about unwrap() would indicate that you prefer a null pointer issue? Because, dropping null/nil is one of the great design choices, having null/nil is just a recepie for getting a runtime crash.

    • I've used Go for a similar amount of time as you. I started with Go 1.0 when I pitched it to my company at the time, and then migrated all of our BE code to Go. It solved the problems we had at the time, and I certainly don't regret that decision.

      However, I ran into a ton of issues that I really don't think I should have. For example:

      • dumb bugs stemming from nil and weird interaction with interfaces (e.g. interface{}((*int)(nil)) != nil); honorable mention, functions attached to nil types can still be called, so the source of the nil could be hard to find
      • map isn't thread safe; why??
      • nothing like Arc in Go, either use a channel or DIY with a mutex

      And so on. Go strives to be easy to write, but it doesn't do much to hide the footguns. So it's like C, but at least you get panics instead of SEGFAULTs.

      These days I much prefer Rust. I followed Rust pre-1.0, and I've used it a bit for personal projects since 1.0. It has come a long way, and I think it's finally at a point where the barrier to entry is low enough and the ecosystem is robust enough that it can be a decent alternative to Go. I like that it doesn't hide the complexity and forces you to deal with design problems at compile time instead of running into them randomly.

      If Rust is too much, I prefer Python.

      I wish Go would do something about its footguns. I honestly don't like using it anymore because I get a ton of complexity with goroutines and whatnot, and very little to help manage it. The main thing I miss is pprof, and I find I haven't needed it with Rust because things just run better.

      • @sugar_in_your_tea map not thread safe, because multiple threads iterate over one map so you have to use sync.Mutex to lock it for reading, writing or both. I fell into that pit too. Part of the learning process. C++ has mutexes too.

    • I disagree. As someone that learnt go first then rust I much prefer rust in almost every way. The more I learnt Go the more it bothered me, so many promises it made were broken and so many good ideas half implemented. And the more I learn rust the more I enjoy it, it fixed most of the issues I had with Go and fixes a lot of issues I constantly see in Go code in production settings.

      How would I know that I’m missing an import when typing a demonstration from some website?

      I don't see how this is an issue? You have a use somecrate at the top of a file that tells you you need something external, demonstations online will only really have crate use statements so it is never really a problem to tell. If they are missing? Well, go has the same but worst problem as you cannot easily guess the import you need for it as you need a full url.

      What’s up with the ugly ( || keyword) syntax or :: or .unwrap() .

      No more ugly than

      func() { ... }
      

      or

      if err != nil {
          return err;
      }
      

      Because of ownership you’re forced into certain hierarchies, which make the code ugly and hard to read.

      I dont know what you mean by this? The code rust encourages you into IMO is generally far more readable and less bug prone than a lot of languages.


      Rust is a much harder language to learn and get into. But I still find it gets better every day and you learn better ways go doing things. In go if there is something you don't quite like you re typically stuck doing it the one go way in every situation.

    • Sounds like you don't understand Rust. It's more difficult to learn than Go. Go can be picked up by an experienced developer in a day. Mostly becauee there isn't much in the language so there isn't much to learn.

      Try learning Rust properly before writing code. Learn the concepts. It's not Python where you hack something together that maybe kinda works.

      • @crispy_kilt correct I don't understand it and I don't want to anymore, because I've seen it's much more complicated than what I already use, but I have written that already.
        You're acting like a kid that's butt hurt that someone said something bad about their favorite team.
        Rust promised performance but for the cost of much more mental overhead and more complicated and indoctrinated workflow.
        I do what's best for me.
        Don't like it idgaf

    • Because of ownership you’re forced into certain hierarchies, which make the code ugly and hard to read.

      For non-gc languages you always have ownership, in most languages you just have to keep track of it manually. And whenever the rust compiler gives an error, you would most likely have had a future issue in another language. For gc languages, this may still exist if you share data between threads, causing possilbe race conditions and data corruption. So, the ownership/borrow model is just a formalization of implicit rules that exists in most languages.

You've viewed 33 comments.