I do quite a bit of parametric modelling and I see how something like this could be made. Find the angles of the sun at specific times, project planes at a fixed distance and angle matching around your cylinder, sketch the time number you want on each plane with a fixed pitch and then project-cut back through the cylinder. Would be a pain in the ass though. And a pretty tough 3d print without soluble supports, given all those tiny tiny interior walls and cavities.
Actually printed one on a Zortrax printer a few years back - not perfect, but came out pretty good.
There are two different versions depending if you're in the northern or southern hemisphere. It's fun to show it to people and show how it changes if you rotate or adjust the pitch/angle of the sunddial.
Is this available on thingiverse or something? I'd very much like to try my hand at printing it on some Prusa's I have access to. But don't think I'm up for that big of a parametric modelling challenge.
That's a cool project, it'd be interesting to see a time-lapse video through full daylight hours (with a couple extra frames at the intervals when the numbers are clearest).