There has to be some head canon out there, but I think this is one of two things. Either a cure-whatever-is-the-problem pill, like with nanobots that can do whatever is needed in the body (so she had more than the kidneys fixed, that was just what was on her chart). Or in his equipment he has a medical replicator that will generate from base materials any type of specific drug needed for the diagnosed problem.
these were standard issue before synthehol was regularly available on starships. can't have too many people asking about the abnormal kidney failure rate in starfleet or they'll start poking around and find our Saurian brandy stash
ST got the future of healthcare right: when the toolset is so advanced you can wave a thingy over a body part and perform diagnoses and repair on the spot, the profession becomes 99 per cent bedside manner.